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Table of Contents The Shahadah First Part Second Part Al-A’raf  7:59 An-Nahl 16:36 Adh-Dhariyat 51:56 Al-Anbiya 21:25 Conclusion Tawhid in the Islamic religion is the belief that there is only one unique God. The concept of Tawhid appeals to Islamic monotheism, which is essentially and absolutely summarized in the  Shahadah  (the profession of faith). Briefly, an attempt will be made to describe the Shahadah as the cornerstone of Islamic monotheism.  The Shahadah The Shahadah is made up of two professions: “There is no god but God” and “Muhammad is the Messenger of God”  (La ilaha illa’Llah, Muhammad-ur-Rasul-Allah) . The first section of the Shahadah centres on the oneness and indivisibility of God, and the second section is on the prophethood of Muhammad. Nasr opined about the importance of the Shahadah: The most fundamental formula of the Qur’an is the Shahadah, that is, witness or testimony,  La ilaha illa’Llah , that there is only one God. “The first pillar of Islam is the “The

Table of Contents The Ramadan Fasting (sawm)   Almsgiving (zakat)  Reading of the Qur’an   Night of Qadr   Lent Prayer  Fasting  Almsgiving  Yom Kippur Refrain from Work  Visit to Synagogue   The Kol Nidrei  The Morning Service   The Musaf Service   The Afternoon Service   The Neilah   Attire  Almsgiving   Conclusion Fasting is total or partial abstinence from food, drink, or any gratifications for religious, ethical, or health purposes or reasons. The latter two purposes (ethical and health) are not the subject of this writing. Fasting for religious purposes is the theme of this writing, therefore, we will try to describe each fasting practice as independent of the other. In this writing, we will consider fasting from the perspectives of the three Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The description of the practices will be in descending order (that is, Ramadan, Lent, and Yom Kippur and not chronologically as they should be). The reason for this approach is to remov

Table of Contents Who are the Anishinaabe? Ningaabi-anang –  The Evening Star of the West Odjiig-anang – The Fisher Star Reclaiming Summer from Kababoonka In Anishinaabe’s cosmology, legend has it that Odjiig, a hunter disguised as a fisher ascended to the sphere of Sky Fathers and gave his life to reclaim Niibin, the summer season from Kababoonka. In this writing, we will give a narration of this ancient Anishinaabe mythology. Who are the Anishinaabe? For clarity’s sake, we would like to explain the difference between ‘Anishinaabe’ and ‘Anishinaabeg’. ‘Anishinaabe’ is used to describe the people while ‘Anishinaabeg’, which is the plural form, is used to indicate membership and belonging to that group. The term ‘Anishinaabe’ describes linguistically and culturally related indigenous peoples residing in  today’s United States and Canada. [i]  They have for the past 1000 years lived in the North American Great Lakes area and the Canadian Shield. Memberships to this cultural group in